The Important Role of Women in Combat Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

The women say, the men present kept you at a distance, they admit supported you, they have put you on a pedestal, constructed with an essential difference. -Les Guerilleres, Monique Wittig The struggle for women to attain entrance to combat positions within the armed forces has been arduous. Unfortunately, most nation-states do not allow women into bout in any capacity still, some countries do not allow women to participate in the military at all. However, the introduction of women into combat within the British, Canadian, Danish, German, Israeli, Norwegian, and US forces has been effective in that women have significantly contributed to their success. This success is the strongest advocate for female access to combative positions. The proposal for female integration into combat also relies upon the regard of combats definition, gender equality, and the influence of sexist literature. This paper also examines the reasons why women have been kept away from the frontline, womens pa rticipation in violent rebel forces, and finally how women have succeeded within the military, especially within the realm of combat. I do not propose a uniform method for militaries to integrate their female members into war-rather, a specific approach be developed by the nation itself since womens rights and societal roles differ from country to country. While some nations have already recognized women as commensurate for their forces most aggressive roles, some only employ women in secretarial jobs. To suggest that all countries conscript women for combat would certainly be a disaster, as integration, training, and soothing of female prejudices take time. It is also important to understand that by this proposal, I am not supporting war over dipl... ...eli Military. War in History, 8, 99-100. Retrieved 30 October 2003, from Academic Search Premier database. Miller, L. (1998). Feminism and the Exclusion of Army Women from Combat. Gender Issues, 16, 33-64. Retrieved 7 November 20 03, from Academic Search Premier database. OED Online (2003). London Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 November, 2003, from http//dictionary.oed.com Rosen, L. & Durand, D. (1996). coherence and Readiness in Gender-Integrated Combat Service Support Units The Impact of Acceptance of Women and Gender Ratio. Armed Forces and Society, 22, 537-53. Retrieved November 7, 2003, from Academic Search Premier database. Smirnov, A. (2002). Women in the Russian Army. Russian Social Science Review, 43, 61-71. Retrieved October 27, 2003, from Academic Search Premier database. Victor, B. (2003). Army of Roses. Emmaus, PA Rodale.

Woodstock Essay -- essays research papers fc

The muddiest four days in history were celebrated in a drug-induced haze in Sullivan County, New York (Tiber 1). Music soared through the picnic and into the ears of the more than 450,000 hippies that were crowded into Max Yasgurs pasture. "What we had here was a once-in-a-lifetime occurrence," said Bethel town historian Bert Feldmen. "Dickens said it first it was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Its an dental amalgam that will never be reproduced again" (Tiber 1). It also closed the New York State Thruway and created one of the nations worst traffic jams (Tiber 1). Woodstock, with its rocky beginnings, epitomized the culture of that while through music, drug use, and the thousands of hippies who attended, leaving behind a legacy for future generations. Woodstock was the hair brained idea of four men that met each other solely at random. It was the countercultures biggest bash, which ultimately cost over $2.4 million, and was sponsored by John Roberts , Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfeld, and Michael Lang (Young 18). John Roberts was an heir to a drugstore and toothpaste manufacturing fortune. He supplied the money, for he had a multi-million dollar think fund, a University of Pennsylvania degree, and a Lieutenants commission in the Army (Tiber 1). Joel Rosenman, the son of a prominent Long Island orthodontist, had just graduated from Yale Law School (Makower 28). In 1967, he was playing guitar for a lounge band in motels from Long Island to Law Vegas. He and Roberts met on a golf course in the strike of 1966 (Tiber 1). By the next winter, Roberts and Rosenman shared an apartment and were trying to figure out what to do with their lives. One idea was to create a screw ball posture comedy for television (Landy, Spirit 62). "It was an office comedy about two pals with more money than brains and a thirst for adventure," Rosenman said. To get plot ideas for their sitcom, Roberts and Rosenman put a classified as in the Wall Stre et Journal and Fanning 2the New York Times in March of 1968 that read "Young men with untrammeled capital looking for interesting, legitimate investment opportunities and business propositions" (Tiber 1). Artie Kornfeld was the vice-president of Capitol Records. He smoked hash in the office and was the Companys connection with the rockers that were starting to sell millions or reco... ...ug use, and the thousands of hippies who attended, leaving behind a legacy for future generations.II.      How Woodstock got Started The Events Leading up to Woodstock0A. Woodstock was the hair brained idea of four men that met each other alone at random. B. The four met to discuss their idea at a high-rise on 83rd Street.C. "In the cultural-political atmosphere of 1969, Kornfeld and Land knew it was important to pitch Woodstock in a way that would appeal to their peers sense of independence.III. The Four Days of WoodstockA. After a much-anticipated wait, Friday, A ugust 15, 1969, arrived.B. On Friday, Joan Baez was the headlinerand Sly and the Family Stone.C. There were people everywhere.D. There was a tent dubbed the Freak-Out Tent, which in reality was the nurses station.IV. The AftermathA. After the final hippie drudged out of Max Yasgurs pasture, the problems for Woodstock Ventures began.B. For the next decade, Woodstock was virtually a clich for all that was goofy and defective about the 60s.V. ConclusionSummary Sentence A good time was had by all, and although it has been tried, perfection cannot be imitated.

Essay --

According to Laurence Sterne, Nobody, only he who has felt it, can moot what a plaguing thing it is to keep a mans mind torn asunder by two projects of equal strength, but obstinately pulling in a turnabout direction at the same time. In Mark Twains novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the character Huckleberry Finn, also known as Huck, is one who can conceive this plague. Huck Finns two projects of equal strength was the difficult decision whether to turn Jim, a black slave, over to his overcompensateful property owner or to continue helping Jim escape to freedom. This inner conflict took place in Jims conscience of trying to decide what the right thing to do was. These two conflicting forces were the basis of how the story was told. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is told from Hucks viewpoint, and it illuminated the quandary that Huck faces as he befriends Jim and helps him to freedom, as well as convincing himself talkimg himself into accept feeling . A part of Huck thought helping Jim was wrong because helping a black man escape to freedom was against societys rules and went against everything that he had been taught and raised to believe. The other part of Huck saw Jim as a good person, a friend, and believed Jim should be free from slavery. It was a war among Hucks conscience of not following societys conventional laws and following his heart in what seemed right. Throughout the novel, Huck questioned whether he was doing the right thing. Even though he felt he was doing the right thing, he kept thinking about how he was going against societys determine and ideals. Huck also felt that he was betraying Miss Watson by taking Jim, her property, away from her. Miss Watson was always good to Huc... ... I studied a minute, sort of holding my breath, and then says to myself All right, then, Ill go to helland tore it up (Twain 317). At this point in the novel, Huck realizes that he would sooner go to Hell for doing what he believed to be right even if it is wrong in others eyes, including Gods. Although Huck knew it was wrong to help a runaway slave, he also knew it was what he had to do, it felt right to him. The inner turmoil that Huck experienced within his conscience was a constant battle, but Huck make the decision to follow his heart. Huck learns, from his own life experiences of befriending Jim and his own moral conscience and intuition, that standing up for what seems right isnt always easy to do, but its the right thing to do. Huck made the moral decision to go against what he had been taught was right and do what he knew was right.

Reflective Writing - My Development as a Writer Essay -- Bilingual Eng

A Nomad Writer America is a place dear of immigrants with no single ethnicity or race. America can also be referred to as the ?Melting Pot? because it consists ingredients of multicultural backgrounds. There are cultures such as French American, Asian American, Italian American and African American. I am Mexican American. My culture has helped me to become the writer I am today. My bicultural background and incessant moving back and forth from Mexico to America has both influenced and weakened my writing. Although I was born in America, my Mexican culture has always been a part of my life. I have spent the majority of my life in Mexico, and Spanish is my first language. After I turned one, my family moved to Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Raised there, I developed a routine of speaking Spanish throughout the day with my mother, and speaking English in the evening with my father when he arrived home from work. Speaking two l anguages at home was completely normal to me and easy for me to adjust. However, the school I attended as a young kid was much more difficult. The small kindergarten and wide-eyed school I went to over packed their classrooms with twenty more kids than the set limit. The teachers did not have a lot of physical materials to teach with they only had two pieces of chalk, a board and stamps. Ciudad Juarez is a highly populated and dangerous city in terms of first-degree crimes such as rape and murder. They have a slimy education system offered in both public and private schools, which weakened my first experiences with learning. As a child, I felt unsafe learning in such a poor environment and wanted to leave school and go home early everyday.Af... ... but sometimes I still dispute just as many other foreign speakers do. Regardless of the culture, literature allows for people to express themselves. Because of my bicultural background, I am a person who understands literatu re as a form of communication for every culture. My experience with two different languages allowed me to become the writer I am today with strong ideas. My writings at the University of Arizona, related to the importance of my culture and how it affects my life. I have become a successful student due to the fact to that great importance I see. My classmates in the required class for my Hispanic Alumni Scholarship have also become successful writers and students. One of the students in my class, Jordan Garcia, has had three of her essays published for the newspaper. Culture makes one a successful person, and motivates one to write.

The Use of Force analysis :: essays research papers

Level OneThe Use of Force is about a girl who may clear Diphtheria, just now refuses to open her mouth to let the animate look at her throat. After much struggle, emotional and physical, the doctor forces her to open her mouth and it turns out she does indeed have the disease.Level TwoSetting Its not actually mentioned, but it is implied that it at the Olsons house, a doctor is called to look at the daughter as she is not feeling well.The Characters oThe parents are pretty static characters, they do not change much through the storyoThe daughter, Mathilda, is somewhat kinetic as she changes from stubborn and defiant (line 18) to broken, betrayed and angry. (last paragraph)oThe doctor is the most dynamic character as, through his tactics changes his attitude. At first the doctor tries kindness and more or less sides with the daughter over the parents (line 22). As the story goes on he tries scaring the girl into submission and (line 25), as his anger and frustration build, even tually resorts to force (line 28). Conflict oThe main conflict is between Mathilda and the doctor. The doctor needs to check Mathildas throat to see if she has Diphtheria, but the girl forget not open her mouth.oThere is also a conflict between the parents and themselves/the doctor. They want to go along with the doctor because they know he must check, but they do not want force or hurt their daughter in order to get her to submit.The doctors dilemma is that if he leaves the girl alone he will not be able to check if she has Diphtheria and may possibly die. If he continues on the road hes going he will have to resort to measures that are socially unacceptable and even cruel.Irony oAlthough it seems cruel, and almost brutal, using force was the only remaining way for the doctor to check Mathildas condition to take appropriate action.

The Use of Force analysis :: essays research papers

Level OneThe Use of Force is about a girl who may have Diphtheria, but refuses to open her mouth to allow the doctor look at her throat. After much struggle, emotional and physical, the doctor forces her to open her mouth and it turns out she does indeed have the disease.Level Two mount Its not actually mentioned, but it is implied that it at the Olsons house, a doctor is called to look at the daughter as she is not feeling well.The Characters oThe p arnts are pretty static characters, they do not change much through the storyoThe daughter, Mathilda, is somewhat dynamic as she changes from stubborn and noncompliant (line 18) to broken, betrayed and angry. (last paragraph)oThe doctor is the most dynamic character as, through his tactics changes his attitude. At first the doctor tries kindness and almost sides with the daughter over the parents (line 22). As the story goes on he tries scaring the girl into submission and (line 25), as his anger and frustration build, eventually res orts to force (line 28). Conflict oThe main conflict is surrounded by Mathilda and the doctor. The doctor needs to check Mathildas throat to see if she has Diphtheria, but the girl will not open her mouth.oThere is also a conflict between the parents and themselves/the doctor. They want to go along with the doctor because they know he must check, but they do not want force or hurt their daughter in order to get her to submit.The doctors dilemma is that if he leaves the girl alone he will not be able to check if she has Diphtheria and may possibly die. If he continues on the road hes going he will have to resort to measures that are socially unacceptable and even cruel.Irony oAlthough it seems cruel, and almost brutal, using force was the only remaining way for the doctor to check Mathildas bod to take appropriate action.

Path Builder Essay

During my experience with the path builder I organized and planed my time by taking two days to fill out separately subject giving myself enough time to take breaks in-between modules so I wont get to overwhelmed. My impressions of the tools and the process were that the tools were very use climb and helped a lot during the process of the learning path. I learned that my weaknesses are Whole numbers, decimals, linear equations and inequalities absolute value, I also learned that my strengths are engagement and style, the craft of writing, and research.The learning path topics that I completed were Whole numbers, decimals, linear equations and inequalities absolute value, reading fundamentals, reading introductory, reading intermediate, usage and style, the craft of writing, and research. If I had to complete the suggested Learning Path topics in the future No I do not think I am self-motivated at a level to complete the suggested Learning Path topics in the future because it was a lot to complete in so little time.I believe that AIU resources a counselor and or a mentor can assist with self-motivation, I also believe that I will use College Algebra in my academic journey. In the work lead of law enforcement you might use Measuring when measuring the weight of an illegal substance confiscated during a search and seizure. Or In determining the sequence of events that occurred at an accident scene, officers are called upon to take measurements and discern angles in order to compile the necessary evidence to reconstruct the event.

Fnce451 Midterm

Midterm Exam October 17, 2012 SOLUTIONS Instructions 1. Read the questions carefully. 2. result all questions on the following pages. 3. A financial calculator and a veritable(a) calculator are permitted. 4. A one-sided 8. 5 x 11 formula sheet is permitted with formulas only. 5. The midterm has 11 pages, including 2 blank pages. 6. For spot 2, meet all your work. 7. Midterm duration 75 minutes. 8. Mark allocation Shown on exam. Print your name _________________________________________ Sign your name __________________________________________ Student Number __________________________________________Good Luck Part 1 Multiple Choice Part 2 Short Answer and Problems Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Total /20 /4 /5 /10 /16 /55 1 Part 1 2 full stops each = 20 points Multiple Choice. Circle the top hat answer. 1. The Double Dip Co. is expecting its ice cream sales to decline due to the increased interest in healthy eating. Thus, the company has announced that it bequeath be reducing its annual dividend by 5% a year for the close cardinal old age. After that, it will maintain a constant dividend of $1 a share. Two weeks ago, the company paid a dividend of $1. 0 per share. What is this contain worth if you require a 9% count of return? A. $10. 86 B. $11. 11 C. $11. 64 D. $12. 98 E. $14. 23 2. The value of common stock today depends on A. The expect future holding period and the discount rate. B. The expect future dividends and the seat of government gains. C. The pass judgment future dividends, chief city gains and the discount rate. D. The expected future holding period and capital gains. E. None of the above. 3. The tax shield on CCA is calculated by A. The quantity (1-Tc) multiplied by CCA. B. Revenues less expenses less CCA. C.The quantity (Revenues-Expenses) multiplied by CCA. D. Revenues less expenses less taxes. E. None of the above. 4. If the project beta-IRR co-ordinates plot above the SML, the project should be A. Accepted because i t is overvalued. B. Accepted because it is undervalued. C. Rejected because it is overvalued. D. Rejected because it is undervalued. E. None of the above. 5. The opportunity set of portfolios is A. solely possible return combinations of those securities. B. All possible risk combinations of those securities. C. All possible risk-return combinations of those securities.D. The best or highest risk-return combination. E. The lowest risk-return combination. 2 6. The combination of the efficient set of portfolios with a riskless lending and borrowing rate results in A. The capital market line which shows that all investors will only invest in the riskless asset. B. The capital market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of the riskless asset and the tangency portfolio. C. The guarantor market line which shows that all investors will invest in the riskless asset only. D.The security market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of th e riskless asset and the tangency portfolio. E. None of the above. 7. Stock A has an expected return of 20%, and stock B has an expected return of 4%. However, the risk of stock A as measured by its dissonance is 3 times that of stock B. If the two stocks are combined equally in a portfolio, what would be the portfolios expected return? A. 20. 0%. B. 4. 0%. . C. 12. 0%. D. greater than 20%. E. Need more information to answer. 8. Two mutually exclusive investment opportunities require an initial investment of $8 million.Investment A then generates $1 million per year in perpetuity, while investment B pays $500,000 in the first year, with cash flows mixed bag magnitude by 5% per year there after(prenominal). Determine the NPV for which an investor would tenderness both opportunities as being equivalent. A. ?$1 million B. $0 C. $1 million D. $2 million E. $8 million 9. When comparing two projects with unlike lives, why do you compute an annuity with an equivalent present value (PV) to the net present value (NPV)? A. So that you shtup see which project has the great net present value (NPV). B.So that the projects can be compared on their cost or value created per year. C. To reduce the danger that changes in the estimate of the discount rate will lead to choosing the project with a shorter time frame. D. To ensure that cash flows from the project with a longer bearing that occur after the project with the shorter life has ended are considered. E. To avoid complications arising from alternating cash inflows and outflows. 3 10. A firm is considering changing their credit terms. It is estimated that this change would result in sales increasing by $1,000,000.This in turn would cause inventory to increase by $150,000, accounts receivable to increase by $100,000, and accounts payable to increase by $75,000. What is the firms expected change in net working capital? A. $1,175,000 B. $325,000 C. $250,000 D. $175,000 E. $150,000 4 Part 2 35 points Short Answer and Pr oblems. Please show all your work. Question 1 4 points When two stocks have a correlation of ? 1, is it always possible to construct a portfolio with 0 criterion deviation? If so, what is the weight (denoted as ? ) that always ensures that the portfolio has 0 standard deviation? Answer Yes. 1 point) We can show this by substituting correlation of ? 1 in the portfolio variance formula ? p2 = ? 2? 12 + (1 ? ?)2? 22 + 2? (1 ? ?)? 1,2? 1? 2 which gives, ? p2 = ? 2? 12 + (1 ? ?)2? 22 + 2? (1 ? ?)(? 1)? 1? 2 = 1 ? (1 ? ?)? 22 (1 point for setting up the problem with the variance formula) We are interested in the standard deviation, which is the square root of the above variance. By choosing ? so that 1 ? (1 ? ?)? 2 = 0 we get ? = ? 2/(? 1 + ? 2) and and so we can always ensure the portfolio has 0 standard deviation. (2 points 1 point for setting the standard deviation equal to zero to solve for ? and 1 point for final answer) 5 Question 2 5 points Storico Co. just paid a dividend of $ 3. 50 per share. The company will increase its dividend by 20 percent next year and will then reduce its dividend growth rate by 5 percentage points per year until it reaches the industry amount of 5 percent dividend growth, after which the company will keep a constant growth rate, forever. If the required return on Storico stock is 13 percent, what will a share of stock sell for today? Answer Here we have a stock with differential growth, where the dividend growth changes every year for the first four years.We can materialize the price of the stock in Year 3 since the dividend growth rate is constant after the third dividend. The price of the stock in Year 3 will be the dividend in Year 4, divided by the required return minus the constant dividend growth rate. So, the price in Year 3 will be P3 = $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)(1. 10)(1. 05) / (. 13 . 05) = $69. 73 (2 points 1 point for set up and 1 point for answer) The price of the stock today will be the PV of the first three dividends , plus the PV of the stock price in Year 3, so P0 = $3. 50(1. 20)/(1. 13) + $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)/1. 132 + $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)(1. 0)/1. 133 + $69. 73/1. 133 (2 points for set up) P0 = $59. 51 (1 point) 6 Question 3 10 points The expected return of the S&P 500, which you can assume is the market portfolio, is 16% and has a standard deviation of 25% per year. The expected return of Microsoft is unknown, but it has a standard deviation of 20% per year and a covariance with the S&P 500 of 0. 10. The risk-free rate is 6 percent per year. a. 2 points Compute Microsofts beta. Answer ? Microsoft = Cov(RMicrosoft, RM) / var(RM) ? Microsoft = 0. 10 / (0. 25)2 = 1. 60 (2 points 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) . 2 points What is Microsofts expected return given the beta computed in part (a)? We know from the CAPM E(R) = Rf + ? (E(RM) Rf) Therefore, E(RMicrosoft) = 0. 06 + (1. 60)(0. 16? 0. 06) = 0. 220 or 22. 0% (2 points 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) c. 2 p oints If Intel has half the expected return of Microsoft, then what is Intels beta? From the CAPM, we can solve for ? E(R) = Rf + ? (E(RM) Rf) 0. 11 = 0. 06 + ? Intel(0. 16 0. 06) ? Intel = 0. 50 (2 points 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) 7 d. 2 points What is the beta of the following portfolio? . 25 weight in Microsoft 0. 10 weight in Intel 0. 75 weight in the S&P 500 ? 0. 20 weight in GM (where ? GM = 0. 80) 0. 10 weight in the risk-free asset. Answer The beta of the portfolio is the weighted average of the betas of the assets that comprise the portfolio ? P = (0. 25)(1. 60) + (0. 10)(0. 50) + (0. 75)(1. 0) + (? 0. 20)(0. 80) + (0. 10)(0) = 1. 04 (2 points 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) e. 2 points What is the expected return of the portfolio in part (d)? Answer From the CAPM, we can solve for E(RP) E(RP) = Rf + ? E(RM) Rf) = 0. 06 + (1. 04)(0. 16 0. 06) = 0. 164 or 16. 4% (2 points 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) 8 Question 4 16 points Better Mousetraps has developed a new trap. It can go into production for an initial investment in equipment of $6 million. Ignore the CCA system and assume that the equipment will be depreciated straight-line over 5 years to a value of zero, but in fact it can be exchange after 5 years for $500,000. The firm believes that working capital at each date must be maintained at a level of 10 percent of next years (i. e. he following years) forecast sales. The firm estimates production costs equal to $1. 50 per trap and believes that the traps can be sold for $4 each. Sales forecasts are given in the following table below. The project will come to an end in five years, when the trap becomes technologically obsolete. The firms tax bracket is 35 percent, and the required rate of return on the project is 12 percent. What is project NPV? Year Sales (millions of traps) 0 0 1 0. 5 2 0. 6 3 1. 0 4 1. 0 5 0. 6 Thereafter 0 Answer stratum Sales (traps) Revenue ($4. 00 ? Sales) Expen se ($1. 50 ?Sales) Working capital Change in Wk Cap CF from Operations Revenue Expense Depreciation Pretax net income Tax After-tax profit CF from operations Cash Flow CF capital investments CF from working capital CF from operations Total CF PV 12% Net present value 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 20 1 0. 50 2. 00 0. 75 0. 24 0. 04 2 0. 60 2. 40 0. 90 0. 40 0. 16 3 1. 00 4. 00 1. 50 0. 40 0. 00 4 1. 00 4. 00 1. 50 0. 24 0. 16 5 0. 60 2. 40 0. 90 0. 00 0. 24 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 2. 0000 0. 7500 1. 2000 0. 0500 0. 0175 0. 0325 1. 2325 2. four hundred 0. 900 1. 200 0. 300 0. 05 0. 195 1. 3950 4. 000 1. 500 1. 200 1. 300 0. 455 0. 845 2. 0450 4. 000 1. 500 1. 200 1. 300 0. 455 0. 845 2. 0450 2. 400 0. 900 1. 200 0. 300 0. 105 0. 195 1. 3950 (5 points) 6. 00 0. 20 0. 00 6. 20 6. 20 0. 1817 0. 0000 0. 0400 1. 2325 1. 1925 1. 0647 0. 0000 0. 1600 1. 3950 1. 2350 0. 9845 0. 0000 0. 0000 2. 0450 2. 0450 1. 4556 0. 0000 0. 1600 2. 0450 2. 2050 1. 4013 0. 3250 0. 2400 1. 3 950 1. 9600 1. 1122 (2 points) (6 points) (3 points) 9 This page is left blank on purpose. Use it if you need it. 10 This page is left blank on purpose. Use it if you need it. 11

Different types of farming Essay

Farming has contributed to communities by being a source of income and food. As say in the Oxford Dictionary farming is the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock. Different communities use different types of farming to suit their way of living. They each use commercial or subsistence farming. Commercial farming is farming that is done by companies and raising of crops and livestock for sale in outside markets. Subsistence farming is self-reliance farming which means farmers focus on growing enough food to feed their families. Farming has been depended on to sustain a good economy in many societies. The term economy is defined as the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services, in the Oxford Dictionary. There are three types of economies planned economy, mixed economy and free economy, and in The Bahamas the mixed economy is putd.A mixed economy is an economic carcass that includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. This type of economic system that includes a combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and giving medication regulation. The Bahamas is heavily dependent on the tourism, banking and construction industries. The Bahamas is mainly dependent on tourism but the tourism rates have and are declining. Tourism is the practice of traveling for recreation for business and leisure purposes. There are many different jobs that are in the tourism industry. Some are construction workers, hotel managers and otherwise positions that are available and taxi drivers. Since the box is global little people have travelled and visitor arrivals have fallen. This has forced businesses to close and as a result people have lost their jobs.The tourism industry has provided work for half of the Bahamian workforce. With contributions from other industries such as farming the effects of this recession can be minimized. Contribution means the act of giving in common with others for a common purpose. If the farming industry is used then less jobs will be lost and more jobs will be provided, and decrease our dependence on imported foods. One contribution that farming can fix is creating jabs. Jobs in the country are important because it provides the necessary items for families. A Job is to carry on public business for private gain, according to the Webster dictionary. Jobs provide money to circulate around the country to improve the country and to help with the welfare of families in the country.

Imagination vs Reality in Literature Essay

Arent grown-ups supposed to read realistic parable? What good are these untamed tales, anyway? ( interviewing 200). In author Vandana Singhs A Speculative Manifesto, she describes how important fanciful fiction is in the education of students in literature. Speculative fiction is combination of several different genres of literature, such as mystery, science fiction, historical fiction and fantasy. Vandana Singh asks in her manifesto if education is based on the equity then why not discard the old myths, legends, tall tales, and their modern counterparts, as we discard other childish things (200).Vandana Singh believes that both children and adults need the literature for their visual modality. In the manifesto, she describes who imagination allows us as humans to dream. Although science fiction and fantasy move also help ones with their imagination, through our imagination we bottom make up canny thought-experiments, through asking what-if questions and attempt to answer t hem (202). According to Vandana Singh, speculative fiction allows us to question our lives and live out possible futures before we sum up to them (202).Speculative fiction and feminist literature can be intertwined together to make stories as well. Vandana Singh uses a blend of these two literature genres in order to write her go around bill The adult female Who Thought She Was A Planet. Although these two genres may be viewed as two separate pieces of literature, Vandana Singh uses her imagination and her background in her Indian last to lay down the story. In one of Vandana Singhs short stories, The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet, she uses her speculative fiction beliefs and her imagination to describe a story most a woman going through changes.This story starts off at the kitchen table where Ramnath Mishra is partaking in his usual morning routine when his wife announced, I tell apart at last what I am. I am a planet (39). Shocked and confused virtually his wifes ann ouncement, Ramnath believed that his wife, Kamala, had merely lost her mind. Ramnath believed that the wholly way for his wife to get better was to phone the doctor, however Kamala did not think she was ill. Kamala states to Ramnath, I am a planet. I used to be a human, a woman, a wife and mother (40).Ramnath could not understand how he did not actually know the person whom he has lived with for the past forty years, she looked wish a stranger (43). He thought that a planet has to be an inanimate object circling a star and that there was no way Kamala, a human, could be a planet (40). Living in an Indian culture, Ramnath was extremely embarrassed by his wifes actions. She constantly tried to undress her tog because she believed that planets do not need a sari. As Ramnath described how his great aunt went mad, what a terrible dishonor the family had suffered, what indignity (41).He worried that Kamala was going to create great embarrassment, not only for him but for his familys na me as well. At night, Ramnath found himself wishing Kamala dead, even began plotting different ways for going about killing her, he could not live like this (46). One evening, as Kamala was sleeping, Ramnath noticed that she seemed to be coughing something up, which was exciting for Ramnath because he believed that she was going to die on her own, without his help. Moments later, Ramnath discovered some jelly-like substance coming out of her mouth.He realized that this substance was made up of small, moving things (47). These aliens began pouring out of Kamalas mouth struggle Ramnath, but not waking Kamala. In the morning, still terrified by what happened last night, Ramnath laid in bed until his wife woke up. Once awake, she explained that if she knew what was happening she would throw off explained to these creatures not to hurt him. Kamala explained to Ramnath that these creatures were inhabitants and reminded him that she is a planet.Kamala then went on to describe how the yo unger inhabitants were trying to colonized and asked Ramnath to be a planet with her. Kamala explained to Ramnath that a planet needs sun My journey is just beginning (50). Later, Ramnath and Kamala went on a walk, where Kamala ran into the park where there was a man selling balloons, which she is fascinated by. After being captivated by the way the balloons floated into the sky when letting them go, Kamala began slowly and majestically rise over the ground (52).Her clothing slowly began to fall from the sky, as she was rotating and floated higher and higher. For a moment Ramnath well-nigh envied her as she floated into the starts, he ran into the mansion and as he went to scream, the insectoids were already marching up his back, over his shoulder and into his terrified, open mouth (54). In an interview, Vanadana Singh was asked what her appeal to speculative fiction was, her response being, the best speculative fiction demands a boldness of imagination and a vastness of scope tha t no other literature can offer (Tan).In Vandana Singhs short story, The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet, it is shown that her imagination was used enormously in order to not only come up with the story, but to use such great detail. Speculative fiction, with its aliens and magic and warp drives, set against the backdrop of the universe itself. (Manifesto 203). In the interview, Vandana Singh also adds that the comprehend of wonder that speculative fiction evokes, the engagement with ideas, and the fact that it provides a two-way mirror for looking at the world one wonders why everyone doesnt read the stuff (Tan). non only does Vandana Singhs short story, The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet, use great imagination, it also includes the truths behind the Indian culture in marriage. The man of the house is the leader of the family. Also this story shows how it is extremely embarrassing for a woman to not only get nude in public, but in the house. The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet is a wonderful example of a piece of feminist literature. Feminist Literature is described as a question of womens role in society and complex conceptions of gender.In this short story, it shows that Kamala was trying to become her own woman. She believed that there were inhabits inside of her. She routinely attempted to get through her clothing off, which infuriated Ramnath and also embarrassed him to an extreme end. An additional example of how The Woman Who Thought She Was A Planet was used for feminist critique is that it shows that in other cultures besides our own, woman are always trying to be themselves and not have to be held down to the norms that are expected of them.Although in this story Kamala may not have been able to control her actions completely, it shows the way the Indian culture views people when they act out and how one little action can be viewed as such an embarrassment. Works Cited Singh, Vandana. A Speculative Manifesto. Framingham n. p. , 2008. 20 0-04. Print. Singh, Vandana. The Woman Who Thought She Was a Planet And Other Stories. New Delhi, India Zubaan, in Collaboration with Penguin India, 2008. 39-54. Print. Tan, Charles. The innovation SF Blog. The World SF Blog. The World SF Blog, 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. .

Development from Conception to 16 Years Essay

E1- The age group I have chosen to describe is birth to 3 year olds on their physical development and communication and language development. In this age range the physical development changes from birth where they gener in ally dont do anything which develops as between 3 6 months the sister freighter hold a rattle for a moment, reaching for a toy, putting toys in their mouth, lifting their head up, moving their arms to indicate wanting to be picked up and rolling over. This development changes much to a greater extent as when the child is 9 18 months as they can grasp objects, can sit unsupported, can crawl , can point at objects, derail to economic consumption a spoon and self- render, start to crack, start to scribble and build a tower of three blocks. Then at 2 days the child can draw circles and dots, can use spoons to feed their selfs effectively, can run, climb on furniture and use sit and ride toys.At 3 years the child can do all the stuff from the ages before but alike turn the pages of a book, wash and dry their decl atomic number 18 hands, run forwards and backwards, kick a stationary ball and throw a ball as this develop is done with the help of the childs family as the encourage the childs physical development. The communication and language development happens because at this age there co-operation from early motherese by asking them to build you objects and then develop to view simple instructions but their communication and language develops as first all the can do is cry and make cooing noises which then turns to babbling at 6 10 months where they goo and ma as the child blends vowels and consonants together to make tuneful sounds.Then at around 12 months this develops to the child face momma and dada as they start to show facial expressions and gestures but can now combine sounds. From 1 2 years they learn more than words so they can make mini sentences when they speak and manage to relate things when you point to nighthin g, and from 2 3 years they can communicate healthful and manage to ask questions and say full sentences as at this age there is a large increase in a childs vocabulary combined with an increase in the use sentences.E2- The age group I have chosen to describe is 3 7 year olds on their physical development and communication and language development. In this age range the physical development changes from being 3 years and being able to tho schooling to walk and run, walk on their tiptoes, wash and dry their hands, put a coat on and off and use a spoon to feed them selfs without thefood spilling. To when they be 4 5 years where the child should start being able to button and unbutton their own clothing, weakened simple shapes, put puzzles together specifically for their age range, write their name, form letters, draw recognisable pictures, cut out shapes with scissors, draw around a template, walk on a line, hop on one foot, skip with a rope, run quickly avoiding objects and us e a variety of large equipment on their own (e.g. slide, swings). Then at the age 6 7 years the child should be able to join handwriting, cut shapes out accurately, make detailed drawings, guide and untie shoelaces, hop, skip and jump confidently, chase and dodge others, balance on a beam and use a bicycle.This is because in this age the child is helped through their physical development by their parents, family, teachers and peers as they encourage the child. Communication and language development happens very effectively in this age range as at 3 4 years they are able to ask questions and be fascinated with answers given to them by saying if to take care out what happens, say their name age address and be more accurate in speaking how they pronounce words. At 4-7 years the child tries to understand the meaning of words, talk more confidently and begins to be more and more fluent, manages to add vocabulary all of the time in their speech, begin to share ideas, begin to realise different situations and assign what objects are, this is because in this age range a child masters the basic skills of language and masters the reproduction of most sounds. E3- One theoretical perspective linking to E1 and E2 is Chomskys theory of language development.His theory is a nativist theory as he suggests that humans have a built in ability to learn a language. Chomsky states that children have a Language Acquisition Device ( sonny boy) which encodes the major principles of a language into a childs brain. Chomskys theory also states that children are able to use language so accurately from an early age because they nevertheless have to learn the new vocabulary and apply the structures from the LAD to form sentences. Chomsky believes that they cannot be learning the language purely through imitation as the speech around them is often broken and ungrammatical. Even with extremely compound languages children will be seed fluent in their native language by the age of 5 or 6. A second theoretical perspective linking to E1 and E2 is skinners theory of language development.Skinners theory is a nurture or behaviouristic theory. According to Skinners theory a child initiallyacquires through an operant process this means that the child learns voluntarily without any external force so learning of its own relax will and without any sort of pressure. According to Skinner the whole process is based upon 4 elements as it is stated on slideshare.net which are stimulus, response, reinforcement and repeat. For example a child will make a sound if they want both(prenominal)thing. If the child gets the response it wants they will associate that sound with the act or response and will continue to use it to achieve that response. Skinner believes that learning language is no different from learning anything else and anything which is lodged in the mind of the child becomes dissolve and parcel of the childs life.E5- for my observations I have done a tick chart, tim e sample and written narrative on a child aged 3 years and 11 months E6- In order to maintain confidentiality throughout the observations each child is referred to as child A, B or X rather than their names being used so that other people do not recognise who we are observing should they know the child. Each climb is referred to in a general form such as primary school, pre-school and nursery. The information gathered is only accessible to the observer and in some cases the teacher or a high member of staff if something is noticed that is either of a concern or needs addressing. Also maintaining confidentiality is very important in a setting as it shows respect to people so then they can trust you so if they have any concerns then can come and dictate you. But if a child is at risk confidentially may be broken if a practitioner thinks child protection should know.D1- The observations that I carried out show that child A struggles to recognise verse and letters in general. This ma y be because they are a kinaesthetic learner and is more confident in absorbing information through practical methods rather than through visual methods. This suggests that child A needs more help with their numbers and writing so to help we could plan activities to help do these which are more appropriate to the childs learning style and suggest at home they practise counting and writing to develop on this to get them up to the same or a similar level as the abatement in their year. Also the observations show that child A is not yet confident about showing and talking to the rest of the class at show and tell, this may be because the child is very shy which could be because the child is not used to being at the school yet and doesnt receive confident enough as they might still not know everyone and become shy because theyhave never noticed or spoke to some of their peers.D2- the observations in E4 can help with readiness to meet the childs needs as from observing you can see the childs hobbys and find the best way to help them reach the next level of development or ways to maintain a desirable behaviour. Doing observations also helps early years practioners learn more about the age group they are working with so then they will be able to plan activities to each individuals learning styles and individual needs. For example the child I observed in E4 is not very confident talking to the whole class at show and tell so from knowing that I would plan for them to do group work with friends at first then try and mix groups so she still has 2 friends with her so they can make new friends with the people in the class they havent spoken to, to try and come confidence to talk to all other peers in the class.Also the child turned out to be a kinaesthetic learner so while planning I would make sure there are activities to just get on with and do so the child can do activities that are to their interest and learning style as well as trying things that are not their f avourite learning style but my help them in some way. C- Confidentiality and objective observation are both subjects that are seen as important this is because confidentiality is very important in teaching and for practioners to keep confidentiality which means they can only speak of things they have seen in the workplace to other members of the staff or supervisors if it is a concern, but no one else outside of the placement should be informed.By using confidentiality we are assuring the safety of the child and their family. Also we are able to make and keep a reputation for ourselves and the setting so we gain the trust of parents, guardians and the local community by protecting information and the children plus working to a childs best interest. Each child and their family are diverse as they all have their own differences so if we include every child in an observation it shows to be unbiased. The issues which are essential to confidentiality are personal attitudes and values, sh aring information, safe storage of information, working with parents, legal requirements and polices.

How Management has changed with respect to Globalization

Various things have and will persist to amend the practice of way. locomote expertise, changing demographics, immense diversity in the workforce, and globalization are just some of the changes facing managers at present. These factors will persist to change the methods in which management runs. The globe now is not the world that subsisted years back. Globalization has fetched gigantic changes to the world of commerce and it has changed loads of sides of the management world (Palpacuer, 2006). Todays globalization is disparate from what has gone earlier for two rationales.First is technological, the acceleration of interactions. Many communications expansions have been occurring more than the preceding half-century, but the current momentum of change, the blowup of capacity for information diffusion and the dissemination of communications media have not been experienced in the past. The other is a shift in the policy aspect liberalization uprising, an opening of markets and lesse ning in the part of government in terms of rights and command over manufacturing of goods and services (Feenstra, 1998). Corporations nowadays can arrive at customers in every country and can cut overheads via global production and allotment systems.Managements experience regular change, extreme competition, and amplified customer expectation, which formulates it progressively challenging for an transcription to uphold its competitive border. These days, flourishing managements must appraise the competitive background and kit out their organizations with the tactics, configurations, and workers to compete in a frequently changing milieu (Swain, 1999). Globalization has changed new criteria, and every management must be ready to meet this transform by exploiting the aptitudes of leadership and communication, plus the capability to lead his or her industry through any sort of change.ReferencesFeenstra, R.C. (1998), Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12, pp.33-34.Palpacuer, F. (2006), Globalization and Corporate governing Issues for Management Researchers, Society and Business Review, Vol. 1 No. 1, p. 49.Swain, P. (1999), Organizational Learning Developing Leaders to Deal With Continuous Change A Strategic adult male Resource Perspective, The Learning Organization, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 32-33.

Importance of customer care Essay

It shows a great deal of professionalism when a company takes ripe(p) tutelage of its customers, both internally and externally. Professional employees will most likely deal with clients in a professional manner, with the right communicating, with respect and a genuine attitude.A good customer service will help the companyTo keep loyal clients develop trustTo gain new clientsTo develop a good referralTo develop within its employees a sense of proudness and loyaltyThe main objective of communicating is to send a meaning the most effective way as possible and to make trustworthy it is received the way it was intended to. In colloquy, there argon many barriers to overcome a good standardised colloquy within the organisation will help to deal with those problems.Communication is a two-way process1. What we say and how we say it1.1. Intention of sender right education in the right format1.2. The message method of communicating.1.3. Receiving the message receptiveness of the person receiving the message2. What and how the message is received and perceived2.1. Message interpretation has the message been properly understood?2.2. Feedback has the communication been no-hit?To achieve an effective communication, the organisation and its management must clearly progress the rules and guidelines established by the company.Standardised communication will help withConsistencyEqualityBring knowledge of what to do in any circumstancesEstablish boundariesCommunicating with people, both internal or external of the organisation, is not only a matter of using the right guidelines or rules an important part of the communication is also to consider your audience in order to adapt your communication and convey your message for a better reception. Knowing who you are talking to will avoid assumption, and will help you register their needs and motivations.Communication is a combination of 4 mediums1) The written communication2) The verbal communication3) The non-verbal commun ication4) Listening1) What is important in written communication?The accuracy of the wordsTo be clearTo be legibleTo do proof reading2) What is important in verbal communication?To use a formal or informal way of speaking according to your audienceTo use the appropriate language choose the right styleTo make sure to use the right pace not too fast, not too slowTo use the right tone of voiceTo speak at a good distance from your audience physical proximity3) What is important in non-verbal communication?The signs and signals of body languageMovements, gestures, facial expressions, shifts, body positioningThe way of existence dressed, the hairstyle, tattoosThe tidiness of the working place4) What is important in listening?To listen properly a person you need to stop what you are doing give impressiveness to the person you are communicating withWhile listening appear interestedListen actively and ask questionsTruly listening helps to avoid misinterpretationTo communicate more effectiv ely, one should pay attention to its body language the non-verbal communication is as important as any verbal or written communication as it conveys a message of its own, an emotional state.Failing to provide a good customer care will prevent the organisation to be successful and to expand. But it will also create stress among people working for the organisation, leading to unhappiness and unprofessionalism.The golden rule of the PA should beMind what you say, who you are talking toand how you are communicating

Operational Budgeting and Profit Planning Essay

Introduction Why reckon? dapple a work out platformning is a laborious exploit it is crucial for the success of any c totallyer-out. The calculateing summons forces managers to be proactive in political platformning for the approaching while fostering communication and coordination within a company. Different parts mustiness work together in pitch to receive a proper figure. A properly formulated reckon willing aid to define a companys objectives and provides guidelines to reduce wasted actions. Also, run a risk can be mitigated when objectives and action send offs argon clarified through the calculateing process.This phrase will identify the key components of a reckon as intumesce as the methodologies involved in the cyphering process. The influences of counselling behavior will be discussed followed by a brief example of bad budgeting practices and its consequences. higher-up work outThe master budget is a summary of a companys plans that sets concrete ta rgets for sales, proceeds, diffusion and financing activities. Companies prep be cash budget not only for operating activities but also for drop and pecuniary activities. This is because management should be aw ar in advance of any borrowing needs and when loans can be repaid. Budgets are interdependent because the figures of one budget are conventionally utilized in the preparation of another. Budget fancys are dependent on the nature of the business, its products and services, processes, shaping, and management needs. It is a detailed model of the planetary houses operating cycle that includes all internal processes which is substantial into a cash budget, a budgeted income statement, and a budgeted balance sheet.AdvantagesThe keep in line Budget defines the organizations objectives and strategies. As well as allowing the company to realistically shed upcoming cash flows, it also smoo indeeds the functioning of organizations operating cycle.DisadvantagesDisadvantages o f developing a master budget is that it is both snip consuming and highly complex. However, it should be noted that the advantages of a proper Master Budget furthermost outweighs the disadvantages.Components of the Master BudgetThe Sales Budget includes the forecast of sales revenue, sale units and sales ingathering in the future market conditions.The Purchase budget would include purchase of merchandise for sale and raw material for manufacturing. It is convey in terms of sales dollars.The Selling Expense Budget presents expenses the organization plans to incur in connecter with sales and distribution.The General and Administrative Expense Budget presents the expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with superior general administration such as the accounts department, the IT department, law etc.The Cash Budget summarizes all cash return and disbursements expected to occur during the budgeting period. After a company makes sales predictions, an organization use s information regarding credit terms, collection policy, and prior collection experience to develop a cash collection budget. Other items included are an allowance for bad debt, cash sales, sales discount, allowance for volume discounts, and seasonal changes of sales prices and collections. The cash budget shows cash operations deficiencies and surplus expected to occur at the end of each month, which is employ to plan for borrowing and loan payments.Budgeted Financial Statements are pro forma statements that reflect the asif effects of the budgeted activities on the real(a) pecuniary position of the organization. It reflects the results of operations assuming the budget predictions.Budget Development in a Manufacturing makeupManufacturing organization converts the raw materials into finished goods and sells it to the customer for consumption. It prepares the master budget before production to make the organization successful and survive in a matched environment. For example, a Bicycle manufacturer will plan a Master Budget in the following fashionA Sales Budget will be habitationd on the anticipation of sales of the Bicycle and pricing policy, expected number of units to be sold and the revenue generated.Once the sales budget is completed the Production Budget will bring in the total volume of Bicycle units to be manufactured based on the targeted sales and inventory take to maintain sales. For example, if the expected number of sales of Bicylces for the month of January is 500 units, the production budget will plan for 650 units (Sales tolerateed (500) + inventory as per company s strategy (30%)).The Purchase budget will be obtained based on volume of Bi Cycles to be manufactured, material unavoidable to manufacture a angiotensin converting enzyme unit and the cost of materials. As per the above example, the material required for 650 units will be budgeted for the month of January.The Manufacturing equal Budget will be derived from the cost of ma king 650 units of bicycles using the design of product and process use to manufacture while considering the raw material cost, direct labor cost and manufacturing over headed cost.Finalizing the BudgetFor expeditious and effective budgeting two questions must be addressed Is the proposed budget feasible?Is the proposed budget acceptable?To be feasible the organization must be able to implement the proposed budget. Possible actions include obtaining equity financing, eff long-term debt, reducing the amount of inventory on hand, or obtaining a line of credit. Constraints for infeasibility are availability of merchandise and production capacity for a manufacturer. When evaluating the budget, management must consider various financial ratios such as return on assets, profit margins, etc. The company must compare the return provided by the proposed budget, the past budget and industry average as well as the organizations goals.Budgeting MethodologiesInput/Output ApproachCompanies using the Input/Output approach calculate the required commentary or resources through estimating the potential drop getup or exercise. For example, if a microchip manufacturing plant requires 5 grams of coat to create one microchip and each gram be $2, then each microchip costs $10 of material. Thus, a projected output of 1000 microchips would cost $10,000 and 5 kilograms of material. This approach is mainly used for industries with a measurable relationship in the midst of effort and return, such as manufacturing, service, and merchandising but is not compatible with industries that are inelastic to unit take changes.Activity-based ApproachThe Activity-based Approach is subset of the Input/Output which reduces the potential for error by determining cost through evaluating the cost of each activity in the manufacturing process rather than focusing on inputs such as machine or labor hours. Thus, the approach provides a more accurate picture of costs involved by providing costs at each level of production. It results in a more streamlined budget by allowing the identification of the optimal set of activities. However, it is far more time consuming to produce.Incremental ApproachA budget prepared using the preceding year budget as a base with roughly percentage increase or drop-off is called incremental budget. Budgetjustification is to be given only for the percentage change not for the base amount (previous years budget). This type of budget is best suited for non-profit organizations, government organizations or in organizations in which the amount of output is weakly correlated to the money spent. For example, the Boston Public School budget for FY12 increased by 1.2% from the FY 11 and for FY11 it increased by 0.4% of the FY 10 budgets (OBM 2011, 2012). The increase in both budgets was confirm as improving opportunities for English Language learners, arts and physical education, but not for their existing programs. The advantages of this budget are that it is easy to practice, quick preparation, stability and conflict avoidance between departments due to different budget approval. Some of the main disadvantages are at that place is no incentive to reduce expense as peopmsle are tempted to spend the allotted expense so that their future budget is not affected. Also, no room for ripe changes to the budget is given.Minimum Level ApproachIn this type of approach a minimum budget level is fixed for carrying out ongoing projects and activities and anything above the budget should be justified. For example, the R&D budget in a pharmaceutical company is fixed for ongoing projects and new projects must be okay by the management. Main advantages are ongoing projects will not be disturbed due to budget changes and last year budget will not be approved without revision as in the case of Incremental approach.The Minimum level approach is considered as Zero Level Budgeting in some organizations in which for every amount spent, justificat ion must be (TWF n.d.). For example if an R&D department of an Electronics manufacturer puts forth many project proposals to the management , based on the market trend and project feasibility, the management will approve the most profitable project. Advantages of this method are that allocation of resources is very efficient and detects inflated budgets. However, this method consumes a significant amount of time and resources.Manager BehaviorTop-down vs. bottom-upIn addition to macro methods of budgeting (Input/output, activity based, incremental, and minimum level) there is also a distinction between top-down/imposed and bottom-up/participative budgets. These two methods represent reverse extremes of a spectrum of which a companys budgeting procedure may fall on any point.As the name suggests, a Top-down Budget is formulated by a small number of high ranking managers who make all decisions regarding a companys objectives which are then received by the overturn managers who implem ent the plan. Because only a few people are involved in the decision making, it is quick and saves time. It also avoids the cushion that is lower management ladder to build into their budgets. However, because only a few people are involved in the decision-making process, those not involved may lack the motivation and commitment to properly implement the plan.On the opposite end of the spectrum is the Bottom-up process of budgeting. It begins at the lowest possible management level, whose budget plan is then integrated with the proposals at the next level. The process is continued until a comprehensive holistic budget is developed for the company. The Bottom-up process ensures that managers at each level clearly understand their roles in meeting company objectives. Therefore, budgets are usually far more accurate and employees are more committed to their self-made budget. However, inefficiencies tend to occur with a bottom-up process. Managers tend to provide a budgetary slack (und erstating revenues or overstating expenses) in order to provide a cushion against underperformance or unfavorable reviews. While this may cause wasteful spending, it can provide funds to reduce risky activities of which there is insufficient information.Budgeting PeriodsThere are terzetto types of budgeting periods used by companies Fixed-length, Life Cycle and Continuous/Rolling Budgets. The type of period used is rigid by the context of the budget. Most companies use fixed-length budgets determined at the beginning of a specified period. However, for individual projects, a Life Cycle budget is more attractive, where a companydetermines the budget for the entire project especially if the project occurs within a period or over multiple periods. A free burning budget may be more useful than a fixed-budget as it forces managers to be continually update their budget. Where a one-year budget plan is only available at the beginning of the year, a 4 quarter rolling budget requires ma nagers to continually incur a budget plan for a unharmed year at the beginning of each quarter, thus, sustaining the budgets relevancy.Forecasts, Ethics, and go around Book ManagementIn addition to deciding methodologies of budgeting, a manager must also consider company forecasts, ethics and employee support. A manager must allow for the development of various forecasts and consider them during the budgeting process. Industry forecasts, such as economic conditions, as well as internal forecasts, such as collection periods, should be factored into the budget.Because ethical issues regarding budgeting are rarely illegal, there is a strong incentive to either pad the budgetary slack or overstate performance. Organizations should be firm in their rules against unethical behavior as it is easy to fall into a moral colorise area.Finally, in order to properly motivate employees by gaining support for the budget, many companies present adopted an Open Book Management approach. The app roach involves interacting with employees by sharing information and teaching employees to understand the relevant financial information.Sample AnalysisA well formulated budget is crucial in order to promote a companys operations. However, when a companys budget is poorly formulated, it can have disastrous consequences. An example is OGX Petrleo e Gs Participaes S.A. owned by Eike Batista. At the companys peak in 2009, it achieved an IPO of $3 billion (Spinetto et al. 2013). However, the company filed for bankruptcy on Oct. 30, 2013 with debts of $5.11 billion with Batista being sued for violations of disclosure ruels (Fontevecchia 2013). While its failure was due to a variety of factors, we will deliberate that poor budgetingis a crucial factor.Within the petroleum industry, the exploration and production process is both a high risk and high expense venture where predicted outputs require complex calculations (Suslick et al. 2009). Even after production has begun, the projected o utput may change depending on a variety of variables (Katusa 2012). OGX had calculated potential output at 4.8 billion barrels and therefore invested heavily into the required infrastructure based on this estimate (Spinetto 2013). However, these decisions were made before the wells were operational which resulted in final outputs at roughly 50% of the initial amount (Katusa 2012).Management decisions at OGX were made by Bastista and a small group of managers and its inputs were based on an estimation of outputs (Katusa 2012, Spinetto 2013). In addition, performance was highly overstated due to Batistas tendency to shoot the messenger (Spinetto 2013).Therefore, OGX should have adopted a bottom-up minimum level approach of budgeting as well as adopting a policy of reporting performance after confirmation. A bottom-up approach would have generated a frequently more precise picture of performance and costs while a minimum-level approach would have required confirmation of projected out puts before beginning operations at the cost of time. In addition, reporting performance after confirmation would have avoided any overstatements of performance.ConclusionTo be successful in a competitive environment a company must develop proper Master Budget in order to promote proactive thought, communication and coordination within a company. It is also an important aide to planning and risk management. In order for a company to run smoothly, the Master Budget must balance all the variable constituents of a companys operational activities. In addition, methodologies used, while utilized at the managements discretion, should reflect the context of the companys operations. As illustrated in the OGX example, failure to properly develop a budget can have catastrophic consequences to a company.ReferencesCity of Boston Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2011. Summary Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http//www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget_tcm3-16341.pdfCity o f Boston Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2012. Summary of Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http//www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget%20A_tcm3-24767.pdfEaston, P.D., Halsey, R.F., McAnally, M.L., Hartgraves, A., & Morse, W.J. 2013. Financial & managerial Accounting for MBAs 3rd Ed. Cambridge Cambridge Business Publishers.Fontevecchia, A. 2013. Death of the brazil-nut treeian Dream Ex-billionaire Eike Batistas OGX Files for Bankruptcy. Forbes, Oct. 30. Available at http//www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2013/10/30/death-of-the-brazilian-dream-ex-billionaire-eike-batistas-ogx-files-for-bankruptcy/Katusa, M. 2012. Brazilian Oil Dreams Get a Sobering Reality Check. Casey Research, July 2012. Available at http//www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/brazilian-oil-dreams-get-sobering-reality-checkSpinetto, J.P., Millard, P., & Wells, K. 2013. How Brazils Richest Man Lost $34.5 Billion in a Year. Bloomberg Businessweek. (October) 60-65.Suslick, S.B., Schlozer, D., & Rodrigu ez, M.R. 2009. Uncertainty and Risk Analysis in Petroleum Exploration and Production. Terrae 6 (1) 30-41.

Homeostatic Imbalances

Homeostasis is extremely important for proper functioning of all the gentleman be systems. When our body is not able to regulate temperature all our body functions will fail to work. Even the enzymes engage a specific constant temperature to work at their optimum level. At higher temperatures the enzymes will fire working. (Steadyheatlh, 2004) Dialysis is the dyed process of getting rid of waste (diffusion) and unwanted water from the blood. This process is naturally done by our kidneys. Some people, however, may have failed or damaged kidneys which cannot carry out the function properly, they may call for dialysis. Ungar, 2012) Patients with renal failure experience a lot of imbalances while receiving dialysis. Electrolyte imbalances are the most common, usually presenting with hyperkalemia. This happens when the standard of calcium is more than the kidneys can excrete. Arrhythmias may also occur during dialysis. It too causes an imbalance of electrolytes or changes in acid-b ase homeostasis. Severe cramping, muscle spasms, and low blood pressure are some complications experienced from dialysis. This happens because of the removal of change magnitude volume of fluids.Net filtration pressure is damaged as a result of increased permeability of the membrane. This too causes a homeostatic imbalance. Urinary incontinence and retention, thrombosis, and sleeping problems may all occur from the use of dialysis. (Steadyheatlh, 2004) Other homeostatic imbalance health problems like dehydration, hypertension, diabetes, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, can arise. Homeostasis is extremely important for proper functioning of all the human body systems. When our body is not able to regulate temperature all our body functions will fail to work.Even the enzymes need a specific constant temperature to work at their optimum level. At higher temperatures the enzymes will stop working. Eventually, it can cause death. Proper exercise, a well-balanced diet, and adequate rest can help to fall upon homeostatic balance. (Ungar, 2012) REFERENCES Ungar, J. (2012, June 5). Kidney transplant end-stage renal disease. Retrieved from http//www. emedicinehealth. com/kidney_transplant/article_em. htm Steadyheatlh, I. (2004, March 8). Complications of dialysis. Retrieved from http//ic. steadyhealth. com/complications_of_dialysis. html

Administrative Problems

Administration and management re importants to be an integral process shaping the educational sector. Here, it carries out leadership approaches in trade ining with the purpose and objectives border educators in meeting the needs of students.It takes into account themes that allows the faculty to recognize current trends and responsive efficiently. By laborious to draw out particular strategies it provides opportunities to facilitate educational success, draw out faculty empowerment, and foster institutional growth. With such dynamics, decision making on a day-to-day basis becomes synchronized with what is essential in abidance to school objectives and policies.This paper seeks to outline how educational administration themes be constantly applied on a day-to-day basis. It takes into account themes associate to organisational culture, organizational change, and discourse practices between administrators and educators.In particular, the paper finds property and common actions shaping action and decision making between two administrators. By synthesizing opinions and responses from two educational administrators, better actualiseing can be made on how these administrators respond to school objectives and educational administration.IntervieweesThe low gear respondent is John Morris. He is a principal of Garland High School since 2001. With numerous days of experience in the school, he corpse competent about Garland High Schools organization and continues to align specific policies in relation to the needs of two students and faculty (Garland High School, 2007).Having acquire his bachelors degree in Stephen Austin University and know in educational Administration, he provides howling(prenominal) insights on argonas related to organizational culture, communication, and organizational change.The second interviewee is Linda Glassel. She is an administrator at Garland Christian academy for almost five years. She finished her Bachelors degree in Psycholo gy and pursued her Masters in Educational Administration.With her background and experience in dealing with educators and students from elementary to high school, it can be argued that she is competent to address issues related to administration and management. organizational CultureLooking closely at the responses made by Linda and John concerning organizational culture, it can be seen that they substantiate similar responses about its importance in their single schools. Both believed that enhancing a process of a facilitative and supportive school environment enriches opportunities for students, faculties, and administrators to become responsive to their respective(prenominal) needs.Similarly, both withal considered the need to recognize diversity as an essential process shaping education. By taking into account diversity, it encourages better cohesion of strategies and provides solutions to daily problems (Ornstein and Lunenberg, 2007).On the other hand, Linda and John opinio ns diverge when they talk about how to deal with setity and headmaster excellence. Here, it can be seen that Linda sees the need to constantly motivate people to become answerable and accountable to their respective roles within the school.It is through this process that they can open up and become adaptive to change and abide with specific and given standards. If there are existing conflicts, it gives easier means to root issues and conform to the norms provided.In contrast, John sees this daily problem as part of the role and responsibility of an educator and administrator. He believes that since standards and expectations are given consortly, each one must be keen and responsible enough to function fit to these parameters. Here, John sees the issue as more of an individual endeavor compared to Lindas perspective that it must be a collective process.Organizational ChangeAssessing the responses made by John and Linda with regards to organizational change, it can be seen that their opinions agree on the idea that change is inevitable.They both see it as an opportunity to grow and function in accordance to the changing needs of their respective schools. Since organizational change can induce varied responses among members of the school, it is then life-and-death to clearly identify these resistances so appropriate attention can be made (Ornstein and Lunenberg, 2007).Likewise, Linda and John also believed that addressing problems of organizational change on a daily basis means incorporating aims and objectives by administrators. By advocating these policies, administrative problems can be alleviated and addressed in a more efficient manner.On the other hand, the main difference between John and Lindas responses revolve nigh specific mechanisms that can be apply to address organizational resistance and accountability problems. Specifically, Linda is more of a facilitative type, seeking to interact and burst an environment where teachers feel comfortable in their work and responsibility.She believes that this would then provide the necessary means to instil better means to generate better reaction and feedback from employees.On the contrary, John seeks to expand communication lines and openness among his people. He believes that resistance only happens because individuals do not see the bigger picture or just overly comfortable with the original setup of things. However, by bridging these gaps on a daily basis, educators and administrators can fully understand the situation and prevent confusions from happening.CommunicationThe last area discussed with the interviewees revolves around administrative problems related to communication. Here, Linda and John were asked specific questions on their perspective and opinions on how this problem can be solved daily and what specific means are available that each one can utilize.Reviewing the responses made by the two, it can be seen that their similarities revolve around the recognition t hat conflict is inevitable in any organization. Likewise, both also believed that resolving conflict, miscommunication, and other vault in communication would mean establishing specific dynamics that opens up and diversifies how people interact both officially and informally.Again, like the previous two questions, Linda and John differ in their capacity to apply these changes in their schools. Since their respective educational environments vary in specific patterns of communication and level of professionalism, the methods used to address conflict and resolve issues are also different.For example, Linda argued the need to create an environment of openness and respect other peoples opinions concerning a specific issue. This would then helper limit miscommunication and development of factions within the school.On the other hand, since Johns scope and responsibility is much bigger compared to Linda, he sees the need to establish appropriate protocols and rules that teachers should follow. By evolution a standard on how people can communicate, it can help establish a professional and responsible means to interact. Also, it can be argued that this is his solution on communication problems in his school on a daily basis.Analysis of Inputs and Responses from IntervieweesSummarizing the whole of the interview process, Linda Glassel and John Morris provided significant feedback of how administrators operate on educational issues related to their field. Here, it can be seen that each one provided ideas, opinions, and experiences on how they manage and further administrative goals in their respective schools.Assessing their responses, it can be seen that similarities are apparent in the manner on how leadership, responsibility, and open communication remains crucial in addressing organizational culture, organizational change, and communication (Refer to Appendix for more details). Each one believed that these principles help administrators become responsive with dai ly issues revolving around their practice.On the other hand, distinctions can also be seen in the expression Linda and John provided specific means of how the three elements can be addressed. It can be argued that since organizations vary according to culture as well as organizational dynamics, administrators must look into means to integrate their capabilities to contain that administrative functions are met effectively (Fiore, 2004).That is why the strategies elaborated by the two interviewees correspond to what their organization needs. Also, such result goes to show how subjective and circumstantial the process of educational administration is. That is why administrators must be keen to analyze and interpret situations within their jurisdiction so that appropriate actions related to leadership and communication can be established (Musella and Davis, 1991).ConclusionOverall, the replies made by both Linda and John showcase the different dynamics involved in educational administ ration. Though their answers may vary in some aspects, both have identified important precepts that looks into enhancing communication, the importance of leadership and reinforcing responsibility.By taking into account daily administrative problems, it goes to show the esteem of decision making and strategies used by administrators in resolving the issue.ReferencesFiore, D.J. (2004) Introduction to educational administration standards, theories, and practice.(US midsection on Education).Garland Christian Academy. (2009) Mission Statement. Retrieved fromhttp//www.garlandchristian.com/about-gca/mission-statement/Garland High School. (2007) Administration. Retrieved fromHelping Pauline Face Her Sister DeathMusella, D. and Davis, J. (1991) Chapter 12 Assessing Organizational Culture Implications forLeaders in Organizational Change. Understanding school administration issues studies of the contemporary chief education officer. eds. Kenneth Leithwood and Donald Musella. (US Routledege). Ornstein, A.C. and Lunenburg, F.C. (2007) Educational Administration Concepts andPractices. (US Cengage Learning).

Police Culture and Its Influence to Their Behavior Essay

openingIn todays American society in policing argon a set of fundamental principle that helps set the law and keep everything in order or at least try too. We go away be discussing the natural law grow and the significance stress in policing. In addition, we will excessively lose it the culture for women and the ethnic minorities. Also, on how they can achieve equality in law enforcement for women. Moreover, we will be going more in depth with internal and external mechanism that control practice of law sagacity. collapse guard Culture, including the Significance of Stress in Policing There are many particularors that contri unlesse to the stress of a constabulary legal philosophyman. many of these factors are as follows dangers of the job itself, the probability of advancement or a give up out of advancement opportunities, family, and any vice that he or she may be influenced by. Along with any another(prenominal) responsibilities that he or she may have. The cultu re to deal with these stresses is to speak to another patrol military officer. At quantify this is encouraged because the other officer is your partner and probably the only(prenominal) one who will be competent to relate to what the officer is going through. guard officers are always under stress because of the nature of their profession. In any case, they will need to make a split second decision that will be evaluated again and again by people in a controlled environment with none of the dangers or undeni fitted immediate response that the officer was subjected to.This results in intense scrutiny by superiors, peers and the public. The result of this stress unmistakable itself though health related issues such as chronic illnesses, poor performance at work, visitation to be a productive member of the family and unfortunately suicide. The police departments have made great strides in being able to detect an officer who is in need of helpand have conducted studies into how stress affects police officers. During their studies they have discovered that Officers who reported high levels of stress had a link to heart disease, depression, anxiety, somatization and posttraumatic stress disorder. They also discovered a strong dealinghip between work related stress and alcohol handle (Gershon et al.2009). Police departments can help by having an engaged leadership in which they know their officers and know to scent for the signs that good-nighone needs help. Police department can also mitigate these issues by taking duty tour measures by educating the officers to develop coping mechanisms to help alleviate the daily stress that builds up in approximately people.Woman and Minorities in policing today art discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, or sex is ill-gotten in the United States this is due to the passing of title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Acts. In 1n 1972 the liken Employment Opportunity Act extended the coverage of the 1964 law to state, local, and government which included the police and sheriffs departments (Walker, S., katz, C.M. , 2011). The practice of minorities and fair sex officers have increased significantly over the last forty years. A useful incision in measuring the ratio of minority groups in a law enforcement agency is the (CALEA) which means bursting charge on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. The recommendations of CALEA is that law enforcement agencies have a ratio of minorities employed in approximate residuum to the renewing of the agency. Another useful tool that is useful to measure usance in law enforcement is the Equal Employment Opportunity Index.This measurement tool is use to compute the human relationship between the racial diversity in the community and how this reflects the racial diversity in police departments that serve that particular area (Walker, S., katz, C.M. , 2011). For example, a police department in southern parts of the United States may hire more A frican American officers because of the racial makeup of a particular city being serviced at that time. There is mollify however, an underrepresentation of African American police officers in some states. According to (AolJobs.com) there was a serious problem with the Boston Police Department in 2010. According to the article there was discriminatory hiring practices being used to eliminate out minorities applicants. The city is about 24 percentblack fit to the 2010 census but of the 51 Lieutenants on the force just two are black men and of the 23 Captains The only black man bedd yesterday (Gorden, 2012). The Article shows that even today discrimination is still alive and vigorous and is still existing in some police departments across America today. Because of the rapidly changing race in some parts of the United States employment of Hispanic and Latino officers have increased. Being able to speak with the public when dispatched to a call is very cardinal.Being able to speak Spanish or know a foreign language can be a very important plus to a police department. Because a police officer of a different racial ethnicity can do to citizens who may not speak English and may be able to effectively communicate deep down their own racial group this is a very important asset to most police departments. Because of that fact most Hispanic and Latino officers are highly recruited by some police departments. Because of the changing grimace of law enforcement in the last 40 years woman are becoming police officers in higher rates today. Old policies that discriminated woman officers have been changing over the last 40 years. For example, rules on hairstyles and officers who become pregnant while actively being a police officer has changed. The federal difference Act prohibited Employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or any other pregnancy-related aesculapian conditions (Walker, S., katz, C.M. , 2011). There still is a long way to go in the hiring of more woman police officers. Woman police officers are still underrepresented compared to men in police departments across the United States.Some of the campaign diversity is so important in the police work force environment for minorities and woman is improvement of public service to different racial and gender groups, and also to improve the image of the police departments as a fair and equal employer. This will lead to better police community relations and better work environment for police departments in general. Internal and External Mechanisms that Control Police slightness Many writers have a tried to define police discretion but the most astray used definition is the following A police officer or police agency may be said to exercise discretion whenever effective limits on his, or her, or its power leave the officer or agency free to make choices among possible courses of action or inaction. This very well written description of the said subject was written by Kenneth CulpDavis in his book goodyary jurist from (1969). What he meant by that is not very hard to comprehend. Mr. Davis believes that when an officer has a choice over how to serve to a specific problem or space that police officer is said to have discretion or choice.The big word to remember is choice. Another definition used for police discretion states Discretion is defined as an official action by a criminal justice official ground on that individuals judgment about the best course of action. So what do some police officers take into context when making the decision to arrest or not to arrest? Well, according to research the seriousness of the alleged offense is one of the most important factors that police officers take into consideration when deciding whether to arrest a suspect as one might expect. For example, an officer is most plausibly to arrest an individual for assault or robbery than a minor petty offense. Another reason an officer might lean more towards a rresting an individual is safety. For example, if the officer believes that an individual might airs a threat to himself or to others then he or she might be inclined to deescalate the situation by removing or incapacitating the said suspect.Another factor that plays a part in whether or not an officer makes an arrest is the attitude of the suspect, believe it or not. For example if the suspect appears aggressive or disrespectful when stopped or being questioned. Other factors that influence discretionary decisions are the strength of the evidence, characteristics of the victim, relationship between victim and suspect but the most controversial factor, by far, is taking the minority circumstance into account to the offence or racial profiling, as it is more generally called. Some factors that subjugate the officers discretionary ability are official department policies, the informal organizational cultures of the department, the local political culture. solely at the end of the da y, the decisions made by individual officers still determine who is arrested and who is not. Despite the dawn of mandatory arrest policies and other influences, the final decision is theirs and theirs alone.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have discussed and analyzed police culture and the significance of stress while policing, women and minorities in policing today, and finally internal and external mechanisms that control public discretion. The Police profession as a whole is one that can go from oneextreme of perception to another. Policing is often many hours of boredom to chaos in a moments notice, because of this a police officers career is marked frequently with encounters of danger and reckless abandon. The issues that society has directly affects the police officer negatively impacting his or her psyche. As the pressure of duty rises police officers often experience anger, depression, and or delusion. Because of this stress, over a period of time, can build up, and cause psych ological indispositions that may strain an officers relationship with family or friends, or worse co-workers. These psychological indispositions can lead to an officer to quit, retire early, or even worse, become abusive or suicidal. The importance of women and minorities in policing today are vast.Because employment discrimination is against the law in the United States, the addition of women and minorities have improved the police force end-to-end the country. Although there are some discrepancies in hiring certain ethnicitys, as a whole, the police forces of America are continuing in an upward climb. Because of changes in policy, women are able to not only become police officers but also of importtain the status of being a mother. The importance of minorities within the policing community is important with the make up of America rapidly changing it allows police to communicate with the community effectively and efficiently. Police discretion although there is no clear definitio n of what it is, have internal and external mechanisms which control it. Policing officers always have a choice when it comes to making a decision (even split second). What the main control of police discretion is always relies upon the police officer to be calm clear tending(p) and professional especially in this day and age where every move an officer makes is either record or recorded and scrutinized.ReferencesGrant, H. B., & Terry, K. J. (2012). Law enforcement in the 21st century (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.Jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/02/15/black-police-officers-sue-boston-for-discrimination Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, Third editionWalker, S., & Katz, C. M. (2011). The police in America An introduction (7th ed.). sassy York, NY McGraw-Hill.

An Elephant Vanishes Essay

Explain the role of the kitchen in equal Water For drinking chocolate by Laura Esquivel and The Elephant Vanishes by Murakami. In Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel, food and the kitchen is a subject matter of expressing a range of human emotions. Like Water for Chocolate opens with its most important central setting, the kitchen. Onion-induced dolorous quite liter all(prenominal)y sweeps the protagonist, Tita, into the universe of discourse, as she is born in the kitchen, crying, amidst of englut of her mystifys tears.Her mother, Mama Elena, is futile to produce milk (due to shock at the recent death of her husband) and Mama Elena gives Tita almost immediately to the mansion cook, Nacha, who rears the child in the kitchen. Surrounded by the colours, smells, and routines of Nachas kitchen, Tita grows up understanding the world in term of food. She enjoys her isolation in the domain of the kitchen. Thanks to her unusual birth, Tita felt a deep love for the kitchen wh ere she fatigued most of her life from the day she was born page 10, paragraph two.The narrative of Titas entry into the world marks the first fantastical image of Like Water for Chocolate, initiating the reader into the novels wizard(prenominal) realism and illustrating the intensity and improbability that characterise the events of the story. The image of Tita flowing into the world in a flood of tears prefigures the sadness and longing that will pervade her life. After Titas birth, the flood of tears dries to collapse ten pounds of salt to be collected and used for cookery.The practical attitude with which the characters greet this surreal hap helps to establish the supernatural as an accepted part of the characters lives. Nacha swept aside the residue the tears had leftfield on the red stone floor, There was enough salt to fill a ten-pound-sack- it was used for homework and lasted a long time page 10, paragraph two. Outside the kitchen, Tita follows the demanding regime t hat Mama Elena sets for her daughters. Life is liberal of cooking, cleaning, sewing, and prayer. This routine is interrupted one day by Titas timid announcement that a suitor, Pedro Muzquiz, would standardised to pay her a visit.Mama Elena greets this announcement with indignation, invoking the De La Garza family customs that the youngest daughter is to remain unmarried so that she can c ar for the matriarch in the matriarchs old age. Tita is dismayed by this wet tradition. Outwardly, she submits to Mama Elenas wishes, but privately she questions the family tradition and maintains her tinges for Pedro. you dont retain an opinion Tita and thats all I want to hear about it. For generations, not a single in my family has ever questioned this tradition and no daughter of mine is going to be the one to start page 15, paragraph 3This cold hearted appraoch to Titas yearning for marriage is what makes Tita retreat into the safe realm of the ktichen, I think the reason why magic reali sm was applied to food is because of how universal it is. Whereas music and art only apply to somewhat of us, food is in all of our lives. Since magic realism is all about mixing the magic with whats real, food is the ideal choice. Weve all heard of metaphors exaggerating the taste of food, but Laura Esquivels descriptions of the effects of food are much more than elaborate.Its so descriptive that sometimes we doubt our ideals of whats real by reading the effects of the recipes. By using food as the medium the author was able to smoothly meld together the magical and real aspects of each chapter. Her isolated childhood in the kitchen gives Tita an outlook on life different from that of her sisters, Gertrudis and Rosaura, and she comes to develop different ideals for herself as she matures. As a young woman, Tita rebels against the family tradition that trammel her to a life without love.Her insistent questioning (even though she does not petition Mama Elena directly) of her lot in life can be identified as one of the feminist impulses in the novel. This refusal to accept an appoint and undesirable social role marks the beginning of Titas path to self-assertion and freedom. Her love for the kitchen and cooking is a rebelious action against her mother, her realm of the kitchen is the only thing that her mother can not control or do, the kitchen is what keeps her sane from the depressing sitution on the other side of the door. it wasnt easy for a person whose intimacy of life was based on the kitchen to comprehend the out-of-door world. That world was an endless expanse that began atthe door surrounded by the kitchen and the rest of the house, whereas everything on the kitchen side of that door, on through the door leading to the patio and the kitchen and herb gardens was solely hers-it was Titas realm. This quotes proves my point above, the kitchen door acts as a safe guard to the oppressive realm of her mothers. In an Elephant vanishes one of the majo r makeups of the story is the idea of things being out of balance.This theme is introduced when the narrator tells the editor program about the importance of unity in kitchen design, as he states, Even the most beautifully designed item dies if it is out of balance with its surroundings. The narrator later emphasizes the importance of balance between a creature and its environment when he talks about witnessing the change in the elephants size in apprisal to the keepers size. He states that the balance in size between the two has become more equal, because the elephant has shrunk or the keeper has gotten bigger, or both.Following the slicing of the elephant and the keeper, the narrator again expresses the idea that things around me have lost their proper balance. He is no longer able to take action on his receive behalf, as he is haunted by this sense that the urban world is out of balance, and he feels that a kind of natural balance has broken d have inside him. The imbalanc e between Titas kitchen and outside the kitchen can relate to the elephant vanishes. Tita fells safe in the kitchen and at peace with the old kitchen keeps her in balance.Related to the theme of imbalance is the difference between appearances and reality. The narrator points out that the article covering the story of the elephants disappearance is strange, because the reporter tries so hard to maintain that the elephant escaped, when the facts indicate that the elephant had to have almost magically vanished. The characters in the story try to maintain an appearance of normality in the face of an event that defies logic, leading to pointless acts that do not address the nature of the situation.The discrepancy between reality and appearances also arises in the narrators job as he basically just goes through the motions, trying to maintain a professional, practical(a) approach although he does not personally believe that a kitchen has to have unity or any(prenominal) of the other max ims his company invokes to snitch its products. The narrator finds that he cannot reconcile the differences between appearances and reality, and as he questions his own perceptions, he experiences a sense of disorientation and confusion.Throughout the story, Murakami subtly reveals how the vanishing of the old ways leaves people feeling disoriented and how the new ways of being create a sense of disconnection and unease. This can be said about Mama in Like water for chocolate as she is does not alike(p) the idea of Tita marrying . She is scared of modern society perhaps, and is insecure about her future. Mamas death The narrator, for example, performs his job as a public relations executive successfully by espousing the commercial viewpoint that things you cant sell dont count for much. Because in truth he does not necessarily believe this statement, aphorism it and operating from this pragmatic mode seem to confound the narrator, confusing him about his purpose in life. Like ot her Murakami characters, he is also a loner, a single person, living alone with no seeming ties to family or friends also this can be said to Mama Elena, she has distanced herself from her loved ones through the death of her expansive child and of the cruelty committed to Tita .The narrator watches the elephant and the keeper and marvels at their closeness, their special bond. In the wake of the elephants disappearance, the narrator feels despondent, more isolated and alone than ever. As is Tita at the end of the novel after Pedro dies. straightaway it would never again be possible to see that light, because she could no longer feel anything. She would but interweave through the shadows for eternity, alone, all alone.